Today, we share the work of Friedrich A. Hayek (1899-1992). Hayek was a prominent economist and philosopher known for his advocacy of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism. While it is generally agreed that ‘The Road To Serfdom’ and ‘The Denationalization of Money’ are Hayek’s most famous works, his ‘The Constitution Of Liberty’, which was originally published in 1960, is seminal in that it advanced his ideas from the former and introduced the new ideas that became famous in the latter.
A Top Level Review Of ‘The Constitution Of Liberty’
Overall, “The Constitution of Liberty” is a comprehensive defense of classical liberal principles, advocating for a society based on limited government, individual liberty, and “spontaneous order”. Key points from the work include:
Rule of Law & Limited Government – Hayek emphasizes the significance of the rule of law as a safeguard against arbitrary government actions, as a means to limit government power and intervention in the economy and society in order to protect individual rights. He argues that laws should be general, predictable, and apply equally to all individuals.
Individual Liberty & Autonomy – Hayek champions individual liberty and autonomy as cornerstones of a free society. He believes that individuals should have the freedom to pursue their own goals and make choices without undue interference from the state – excessive government control leads to the erosion of individual freedoms. In addition, Hayek emphasizes the importance of decentralized knowledge in conveying information efficiently in a market economy.
Spontaneous Order & Economic Freedom – Hayek discusses the concept of spontaneous order, where complex systems emerge through the voluntary interactions of individuals pursuing their own interests, rather than through central planning. He believes that individuals acting in their self-interest within a competitive market framework can lead to efficient outcomes, and argues for the importance of economic freedom and the role of free markets in promoting prosperity and innovation.
Quotes From ‘The Constitution Of Liberty’
Quotes are organized by topics and excerpted from the University of Chicago Press paperback edition of ‘The Constitution Of Liberty’, published in 1978.
Autonomy
“Because we are more aware that our advances in the intellectual sphere often spring from the unforeseen and undesigned, we tend to overstress the importance of freedom in this field and to ignore the importance of the freedom of doing things.” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“We have new ideas to discuss, different views to adjust, because those ideas and views arise from the efforts of individuals in ever new circumstances, who avail themselves in their concrete tasks of the new tools and forms of action they have learned.” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“The use of reason aims at control and predictability. But the process of the advance of reason rests on freedom and the unpredictability of human action… for advance to take place, the social process from which the growth of reason emerges must remain free from its control.” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“Freedom of action, even in humble things, is as important as freedom of thought.” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“Like all other values, our morals are not a product but a presupposition of reason, part of the ends which the instrument of our intellect has been developed to serve.” – Chapter 4 – Freedom, Reason, and Tradition
“Though the coerced still chooses, the alternatives are determined for him by the coercer so that he will choose what the coercer wants. He is not altogether deprived of the use of his capacities; but he is deprived of the possibility of using his knowledge for his own aims.” – Chapter 9 – Coercion and the State
“Nowhere is freedom more important than where our ignorance is greatest – at the boundaries of knowledge…” – Chapter 24 – Education and Research
Groups
“Men have sought for alternative social orders more often than they have tried to improve their understanding or use of the underlying principles of our civilization.” – Introduction
“… though we are usually not aware of it, all institutions of freedom are adaptations… of ignorance…” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“The argument for liberty is not an argument against organization, which is one of the most powerful means that human reason can employ.” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“We are not far from the point where the deliberately organized forces of society may destroy those spontaneous forces which have made advance possible.” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“Though freedom is not a state of nature but an artifact of civilization, it did not arise from design. The institutions of freedom, like everything freedom has created, were not established because people foresaw the benefits they would bring.” – Chapter 4 – Freedom, Reason, and Tradition
“Just as a group may owe its rise to the morals which its members obey, and their values in consequence be ultimately imitated by the whole nation which the successful group has come to lead, so may a group or nation destroy itself by the moral beliefs to which it adheres.” – Chapter 4 – Freedom, Reason, and Tradition
“Once the right of the majority to the benefits that the minorities enjoy is recognized on a national scale, there is no reason why this should stop at the boundaries of the existing states.” – Chapter 6 – Equality, Value, and Merit
“Groups do not always act in accordance with their best knowledge or obey moral rules that they recognize in the abstract any more than individuals do.” – Chapter 7 – Majority Rule
“The freedom of the employed… depends on the existence of a group of persons whose position is different from theirs. Yet in a democracy in which they form the majority, it is their conception of life that can determine whether or not such a group can exist and fulfill its functions.” – Chapter 8 – Employment and Independence
“The existence of a multiplicity of opportunities for employment ultimately depends on the existence of independent individuals who can take the initiative in the continuous process of re-forming and redirecting organizations.” – Chapter 8 – Employment and Independence
Liberty
“… liberty is not merely one particular value… it is the source and condition of most moral values. What a free society offers to the individual is much more than what he would be able to do if only he were free.” – Introduction
“Liberty in practice depends on very prosaic matters, and those anxious to preserve it must prove their devotion by their attention to the mundane concerns of public life and by the efforts they are prepared to give to the understanding of issues that the idealist is often inclined to treat as common, if not sordid.” – Introduction
“Freedom thus presupposes that the individual has some assured private sphere, that there is some set of circumstances in his environment with which others cannot interfere.” – Chapter 1 – Liberty and Liberties
“This confusion of liberty as power with liberty in its original meaning inevitably leads to the identification of liberty with wealth; and this makes it possible to exploit all the appeal which the world “liberty” carries in the support for a demand for the redistribution of wealth. Yet, though freedom and wealth are both good things which most of us desire and though we often need both to obtain what we wish, they still remain different.” – Chapter 1 – Liberty and Liberties
“Above all, however, we must recognize that we may be free and yet miserable. Liberty does not mean all good things or the absence of all evils.” – Chapter 1 – Liberty and Liberties
“But while the uses of liberty are many, liberty is one. Liberties appear only when liberty is lacking…” – Chapter 1 – Liberty and Liberties
“Liberty is essential in order to leave room for the unforeseeable and unpredictable…” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“It has become a common practice to disparage freedom of action by calling it “economic liberty”. But the concept of freedom of action is much wider than that of economic liberty…” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“… the importance of freedom to do a particular thing has nothing to do with the number of people who want to do it: it might almost be in inverse proportion. One consequence of this is that a society may be hamstrung by controls, although the great majority may not be aware that their freedom has been significantly curtailed.” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“… moral rules for collective action are developed only with difficulty and very slowly. But this should be taken as an indication of their preciousness. The most important among the few principles of this kind that we have developed is individual freedom…”- Chapter 4 – Freedom, Reason, and Tradition
“… freedom is almost certain to be destroyed by piecemeal encroachments.” – Chapter 4 – Freedom, Reason, and Tradition
“Liberty not only means that the individual has both the opportunity and the burden of choice; it also means that he must bear the consequences of his actions and will receive praise or blame for them. Liberty and responsibility are inseparable.” – Chapter 5 – Responsibility and Freedom
“It is doubtless because the opportunity to build one’s own life also means an unceasing task… that many people are afraid of liberty.” – Chapter 5 – Responsibility and Freedom
“… believing in freedom means that we do not regard ourselves as the ultimate judges of another person’s values, that we do not feel entitled to prevent him from pursuing ends which we disapprove so long as he does not infringe the equally protected sphere of others. “ – Chapter 5 – Responsibility and Freedom
“Freedom does not mean that we can have everything as we want it. In choosing a course of life we always must choose between complexes of advantages and disadvantages, and, once our choice is made, we must be prepared to accept certain disadvantages for the sake of the net benefit.” – Chapter 8 – Employment and Independence
“Under a reign of freedom the free sphere of the individual includes all action not explicitly restricted by a general law.” – Chapter 14 – The Safeguards of Individual Liberty
“It is wherever man reaches beyond his present self, where the new emerges and assessment lies in the futures, that liberty ultimately shows its value.”- Chapter 24 – Education and Research
Self-Sovereignty
“… freedom means the renunciation of direct control of individual efforts… – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
Social Capital
“…it is largely because civilization enables us constantly to profit from knowledge which we individually do not possess and because each individual’s use of his particular knowledge may serve to assist others unknown to him in achieving their ends that men as members of civilized society can pursue their individual ends so much more successfully than they could alone.” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“Of course the benefits we derive from the freedom of others become greater as the number of those who can exercise freedom increases” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“When people speak of a ‘social conscience’ as against mere ‘conscience’, they are presumably referring to an awareness of the particular effects of our actions on other people, to an endeavor to be guided in conduct not merely by traditional rules but by explicit consideration of the particular consequences of the action in question. They are in effect saying that our action should be guided by a full understanding of the functioning of the social process and that it should be our aim, through conscious assessment of the concrete facts of the situation, to produce a foreseeable result which they describe as the ‘social good’.” – Chapter 4 – Freedom, Reason, and Tradition
“It is of the essence of a free society that a man’s value and remuneration depend not on capacity in the abstract but on success in turning it into concrete service which is useful to others who can reciprocate.” – Chapter 5 – Responsibility and Freedom
“Freedom is… seriously threatened today by the tendency of the employed majority to impose upon the rest their standards and views of life.” – Chapter 8 – Employment and Independence
“Life in society necessarily means that we are dependent for the satisfaction of most of our needs on the services of some of our fellows… The benefits and opportunities which our fellows offer to us will be available only if we satisfy their conditions. This is as true of social as of economic relations.” – Chapter 9 – Coercion and the State
Sovereignty
“Even our tentative indication of what we shall mean by ‘freedom’ will have shown that it describes a state which man living among his fellows may hope to approach closely but can hardly expect to realize perfectly. The task of a policy of freedom must therefore be to minimize coercion or its harmful effects, even if it cannot eliminate it completely.” – Chapter 1 – Liberty and Liberties
“To turn the whole of society into a single organization built and directed according to a single plan would be to extinguish the very forces that shaped the individual human minds that planned it.” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“Perhaps one of the most important characteristics that distinguish a free from an unfree society is indeed that, in matters of conduct that do not directly affect the protected sphere of others, the rules which are in fact observed by most are of voluntary character and not enforced by coercion.” – Chapter 9 – Coercion and the State
“… it seems certain that we shall not stop the drift towards more and more state control unless we stop the inflationary trend… It is no accident that inflationary policies are generally advocated by those who want more government control – though, unfortunately, not by them alone. The increased dependence of the individual upon government which inflation produces and the demand for more government action to which this leads may for the socialist be an argument in its favor. Those who wish to preserve freedom should recognize, however, that inflation is probably the most important single factor in that vicious circle wherein one kind of government action makes more and more government control necessary.” – Chapter 21 – The Monetary Framework
“There is perhaps nothing more disheartening than the fact that there are still so many intelligent and informed people who in most other respects will defend freedom and yet are induced by the immediate benefits of an expansionist policy to support what, in the long run, must destroy the foundations of a free society.” – Chapter 21 – The Monetary Framework
Virtues
“Ambition, impatience, and hurry are often admirable in individuals; but they are pernicious if they guide the power of coercion and if improvement depends on those who, when authority is conferred on them, assume that in their authority lies superior wisdom and thus the right to impose their beliefs on others.” – Introduction
“The Socratic maxim that the recognition of our ignorance is the beginning of wisdom has profound significance for our understanding of society.” – Chapter 2 – The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
“It is part of the ordinary nature of men (and perhaps still more of women) and one of the main conditions of their happiness that they make the welfare of other people their chief aim… General altruism, however , is a meaningless conception.” – Chapter 5 – Responsibility and Freedom
“…envy. The modern tendency to gratify this passion and to disguise it in the respectable garment of social justice is developing into a serious threat to freedom.” – Chapter 6 – Equality, Value, and Merit
“It is not power… which corrupts, but the subjection of other human wills to ours, the use of other men against their will for our purposes.” – Chapter 9 – Coercion and the State
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