A Giant-Sized History of Warfare & Military Technologies

I’ve always been a fan of military strategy research and weapons history. Hannibal’s elephants vs. the Alps, Caesar’s rapid deployments, even how Filipino martial arts came to be… my interests in this area span millennia of history and represent decades of research.

Today, my purpose is to organize advancements in warfare throughout history into broad categories representing significant shifts in both warfare mindset and weapons technologies. In keeping with my investment thesis, how tech innovation ultimately yields large-scale war, I’m exploring with a mind set of, “Are we there yet?”

Considering recent geopolitical tensions, from Russia’s asymmetrical cyber warfare to North Korea’s impending nuclear holocaust, this research seems timely…

Advancements in warfare and military technologies can be divided into the following eras:

Prehistory

Advancements in military technology during our earliest days were limited by the resources we had readily available. Our weapons were made of wood, bone, and stone, and rather than killing each other, we were primarily focused on finding food and safety.

the Ancient Era

The Ancient Era starts around the Bronze Age and the domestication of horses, and ends with feudalism and the era of cavalry in Europe. Generally, weapons innovation and military strategy during this era is still centered around human labor and involvement, rather than mechanization or asymmetry of efforts (as in explosives and cyber warfare).

the Middle Ages

Handguns of all kinds, cannons, landmines, flamethrowers, and rockets… the Middle Ages was an era of epic killing creativity. If you were still using bow and arrow, you weren’t in the know. From the innovation of the English Longbow to the gunpowder revolution, the Middle Ages bridge a technological gap between the Medieval and Modern Eras.

the Early-Modern Era

The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed a trend toward military mechanization, with the advent of repeating rifles, long-range artillery, machine guns, and mechanized transport. Not only that, but naval warfare was also transformed by many innovations during the Early-Modern Era, including the coal-based steam engine, highly accurate long-range naval guns, heavy steel armor for battleships, mines, and the introduction of the torpedo, followed by the torpedo boat and the destroyer. Warfare would never be the same…

the Modern Era

During the Modern Era, military leaders came to view continued advances in technology as the critical element for success in future wars. And, considering that the Modern Era was an era of constant war, it therefore became an era of constant tech innovation as well. Military funding fundamentally redirected science, physics especially, with the military technologies birthed in the Modern Era primarily the result of extensive collaboration between scientists and military planners.

History of Warfare & Military Technologies Throughout The Ages:

400,000 BC: The earliest evidence of humans using spears, in a part of Germany now near Schöningen.
Stone tips are one of the earliest forms of weapons assumed by archaeologists, with the earliest surviving examples of stone tips with animal blood dating to around 64,000 years ago from the Natal, in what is now South Africa.
40,000 to 25,000 BC: The atlatl throws a flexible dart that can kill a deer at 40 metres. Developed in northern Africa, it spreads throughout the world, being later replaced by the bow and arrow.
The simple bow, made from a single piece of wood, was known to Neolithic hunters; it is clearly depicted in cave paintings of 30,000 BCE and earlier.
23,000 BC: Boomerangs are strongly associated with Australia’s Aboriginal people, but were actually used as hunting weapons throughout Europe and Africa. The oldest boomerang yet, 23,000 years, was made from a mammoth tusk and discovered in a cave in Poland.
20,000 BC: The earliest arrowheads date from this time, suggesting that bows and arrows were in use.
The earliest evidence of warfare between two groups is recorded at the site of Nataruk in Turkana, Kenya, where human skeletons with major traumatic injuries to the head, neck, ribs, knees and hands, including an embedded obsidian bladelet on a skull, are evidence of inter-group conflict between groups of nomadic hunter-gatherers 10,000 years ago.
Bows and arrows arrived in Europe by the Late Paleolithic period, around 9,000-11,000 years ago.
The stone Walls of Jericho, which date from about 8000 bc, represent the first technology that can be ascribed unequivocally to purely military purposes. These walls, at least 13 feet (4 metres) in height and backed by a watchtower or redoubt some 28 feet tall, were clearly intended to protect the settlement and its water supply from human intruders.
Bows and arrows arrived in the Americas by at least 6,000 BCE.
The oldest bows still in existence, from the Holmegård region in Denmark, date to around 6,000 BCE.
5300 BC: Horses are first domesticated, on the steppes of Kazakhstan. As well as revolutionizing transport in general, horses are instrumental in the history of warfare. Only in the 20th century, with the appearance of rapid-fire weapons such as machine guns, do armies turn away from a reliance on horses.
5000 BCE: The Bronze Age enables the development of the first metal daggers, and later swords.
By 3000 BCE, Mesopotamian smiths had learned to craft helmets of copper-and-arsenic bronze, which, no doubt worn with a well-padded leather lining, largely neutralized the offensive advantages of the mace.
Monumental and artistic evidence suggest that the principle of the composite recurved bow was known as early as 3000 BCE.
By 2500 BCE, the Sumerians were making helmets of bronze, along with bronze spearheads and ax blades.
The earliest known chariots, shown in Sumerian depictions from about 2500 BCE, were not true chariots but four-wheeled carts with solid wooden wheels drawn by a team of four donkeys or wild asses.
Around 1600 BCE, Iranian tribes introduced the war-horse into Mesopotamia from the north, along with the light two-wheeled chariot.
In the 15th century BCE, Tutmoses III made 1000 chariots for military expedition. Each chariot carried two men, one to drive and one to shoot arrows.
Armour of overlapping scales of bronze, laced together or sewn onto a backing of padded fabric, is well represented in pictorial evidence and burial items from Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Egypt from about 1500 BCE, though its use was probably restricted to a small elite.
The first large scale use of iron type weapons began in Asia Minor around the 14th century BCE.
In 1200 BCE, the Hittites, originating from Anatolia, shot arrows using their bows on light chariots.
The first true swords date from about 1200 BCE.
Large scale use of iron weapons began in Central Europe around the 11th century BCE.
The Assyrians are credited with the introduction of horse cavalry in warfare and the extensive use of iron weapons by 1100 BCE.
Assyrians were the first to use iron-tipped arrows.
Assyrians were the first to develop siegecraft with siege towers and battering rams.
Unlike the rest of the civilizations, the Assyrian charioteers had a crew of three people, rather than the usual two: an extra crew member was added to protect the rear.
In 1000 BCE, horse-riding archers from Central Asia invented the recurve bow, which was in the shape of a “W” and had an improved elasticity.
Large scale use of iron weapons began in the Middle East about 1000 BCE.
500 BC: The traction trebuchet is thought to have been developed in China around this time. Powered by teams of about a dozen people, it could sling balls of rock as far as 125 metres. Around the same time, the ancient Greeks develop their own siege weapon, the ballista.
Crossbows were buried in Chinese graves in the 5th century bc, and the crossbow was a major factor in Chinese warfare by the 2nd century bc at the latest.
The war elephant was first used in India and was known to the Persians by the 4th century BCE.
The invention of mechanical artillery was ascribed traditionally to the initiative of Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, in Sicily, who in 399 BCE directed his engineers to construct military engines in preparation for war with Carthage.
The first practical body armour of iron was mail, which made its appearance in Hellenistic times but became common only during the Roman Imperial period. (Bronze mail was impractical because of the insufficient strength of the alloy.)
The earliest evidence of mail is depicted on Greek sculpture and friezes dating from the 3rd century BCE, though this kind of protection might be considerably older (there was some evidence that it might be of Celtic origin).
In the 1st century ad, the Roman legionnaire’s mail shirt gave way to a segmented iron torso defense, the lorica segmentata.
The beginning of the age of cavalry in Europe is traditionally dated to the destruction of the legions of the Roman emperor Valens by Gothic horsemen at the Battle of Adrianople in AD 378.
The war saddle with a single girth was introduced by the 6th century.
The iron stirrup was common by the 7th century in Europe (having probably been known earlier in the East).
Greek fire was first used against the Arabs at the siege of Constantinople of 673.
The flamethrower found its origins in Byzantine-era Greece, employing Greek fire (a chemically complex, highly flammable petrol fluid) in a device with a siphon hose by the 7th century.
c. 800 AD: Gunpowder is invented in China.
The appearance of the crossbow as a serious military implement along the northern rim of the western Mediterranean at about the middle of the 9th century marked a growing divergence between the technology of war in Europe and that of the rest of the world.
Beginning in the 9th century, European engineers constructed wheeled wooden siege towers, called belfroys.
Iron horseshoes date from the end of the 9th century.
The earliest reference to Greek Fire in China was made in 917, written by Wu Renchen in his Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms.
In 919, the siphon projector-pump was used to spread ‘fierce fire oil’ that could not be doused with water, as recorded by Lin Yu in his “Wuyue Beishi”, hence the first credible Chinese reference to the flamethrower employing the chemical solution of Greek fire.
In the Battle of Langshan Jiang in 919, the naval fleet of the Wenmu King from Wuyue defeated a Huainan army from the Wu state; Wenmu’s success was facilitated by the first Chinese use of gunpowder in a battle.
In general, the mechanical artillery of medieval times was inferior to that of the Classical world.
The motte-and-bailey castle appeared in the 10th and 11th centuries between the Rhine and Loire rivers and eventually spread to most of western Europe.
In a military sense, European feudalism rested on a symbiotic relationship between armored man-at-arms, war-horse, and castle.
Based on pictorial evidence, spurs date from the 11th century.
Pope Urban II summoned the Christian armies in 1095 and sent them to recapture the holy Land from the hands of the Muslims.
The earliest known depiction of a gun is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan, dating to 1128, that portrays a figure carrying a vase-shaped bombard, firing flames and a cannonball.
In 1139, the second Lateran Council banned the crossbow under penalty of anathema as a weapon “hateful to God and unfit for Christians,” and Emperor Conrad III of Germany (reigned 1138–52) forbade its use in his realms.
The English longbow evolved during the 12th century in response to the demands of siege and guerrilla operations in the Welsh Marches.
The English longbow was greatly responsible for making England a major military power in the late medieval period.
By the 12th century, the European knight was using a war saddle with high, wraparound cantle and pommel that protected the genitals and held him securely in his seat.
The earliest knightly plate armour appeared shortly after 1200.
The trebuchet, or counterpoise engine, appeared in the 12th century and largely replaced torsion engines by the middle of the 13th.
The true plate cuirass appeared about 1250.
Egyptian soldiers are the first to use hand cannons and other small arms at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.
Explosive land mines were used by the late Song Chinese against the Mongols in 1277, and employed by the Yuan dynasty afterwards.
The innovation of the detonated land mine was accredited to one Luo Qianxia in the campaign of defense against the Mongol invasion by Kublai Khan,
Mail protection for horses became common in the 13th century.
The ancestor to the gun was complemented by the ancestor to the cannon, what the Chinese referred to since the 13th century as the ‘multiple bullets magazine erupter’ “bai zu lian zhu pao”, a tube of bronze or cast iron that was filled with about 100 lead balls.
The earliest developments of the gun barrel and the projectile-fire cannon were found in late Song China. (late 12th to 13th century)
The oldest existent archaeological discovery of a metal barrel handgun is from the Chinese Heilongjiang excavation, dated to 1288.
The Song employed the earliest known gunpowder-propelled rockets in warfare during the late 13th century, its earliest form being the archaic Fire Arrow.
Helmets with hinged visors appeared about 1300, and by mid-century armourers were constructing closed, visored helms that rested directly on the shoulder defenses.
The Middle Ages was an age during which the mounted arm assumed an ascendancy that it began to relinquish only in the 14th century, with the appearance of infantry capable of taking the open field unsupported against mounted chivalry.
The “Gunpowder Revolution” was from 1300–1650 AD.
Few inventions have had an impact on human affairs as dramatic and decisive as that of gunpowder.
Technologically, gunpowder bridged the gap between the medieval and modern eras.
The Hundred Years’ War was a series of big and small wars fought between France and England from 1337 to 1453. “In the year 1337, the French King Philip VI demanded that the provinces under the English rule, Gascony and Guyenne be given back to the French. However, English king, Edward III denied this demand which led to a war between the two. In the final phase of the war, gunpowder was used for the first time in Western Europe: Jean and Gaspard Bureau’s effective organization of artillery weapons enabled the French army in open battlefields as well as siege warfare, and at Castillon, the French army annihilated the English, effectively using cannons, handguns and heavy cavalry.”
1346: The English introduced there longbow during the Battle of Crecy.
c. 1368: China’s Ming Dynasty drives firearms technology forwards: Developments include the matchlock, the musket and the naval mine.
Shortly after 1400, smiths learned to combine the ingredients of gunpowder in water and grind them together as a slurry.
1415: The Battle of Agincourt marks the zenith of medieval longbow technology. An English army with a high proportion of archers decimates a French army five to 10 times larger.
Frederick I, elector of Brandenburg from 1417 to 1425, used cannons systematically to defeat the castles of his rivals one by one in perhaps the earliest politically decisive application of gunpowder technology.
By the 15th century AD, plate horse armour was used extensively in Europe.
The first suits of full plate armour date from the first decades of the 15th century.
By 1440 the Gothic style of plate armour was well developed, representing the ultimate development of personal armour protection. Armourers were making gloves with individually jointed fingers, and shoulder defenses had become particularly sophisticated, permitting the man-at-arms full freedom to wield sword, lance, or mace with a minimum of exposure. Also during the 15th century the weight of personal armour increased, partly because of the importance of shock tactics in European warfare and partly because of the demands of jousting.
Sultan Mehmed II breached the walls of Constantinople in 1453 by means of large bombards, bringing the Byzantine Empire to an end and laying the foundations of Ottoman power.
During the siege of Constantinople in 1453, Mohammed the Conqueror, sultan of Turkey, ordered his Hungarian engineer, Urban, to develop the biggest guns ever seen.
Small arms did not exist as a distinct class of gunpowder weapon until the middle of the 15th century.
The inviolability of the medieval curtain wall came to an end in the 15th century, with the development of effective cast-bronze siege cannon.
Until the late 15th century, when advances in transportation technology broke down the barriers between them, the world contained a number of military ecospheres. The most clearly defined of these were based in Mesoamerica, Japan, India–Southeast Asia, China, and Europe.
A definitive break with the medieval past was marked by two Italian sieges. The first of these was the defense of Pisa in 1500 against a combined Florentine and French army. Finding their wall crumbling to French cannon fire, the Pisans in desperation constructed an earthen rampart behind the threatened sector. To their surprise and relief, they discovered not only that the sloping earthen rampart could be defended against escalade but that it was far more resistant to cannon shot than the vertical stone wall that it supplanted.
A definitive break with the medieval past was marked by two Italian sieges. The second siege was that of Padua in 1509. Entrusted with the defense of this Venetian city, a monk-engineer named Fra Giocondo cut down the city’s medieval wall. He then surrounded the city with a broad ditch that could be swept by flanking fire from gunports set low in projections extending into the ditch. Finding that their cannon fire made little impression on these low ramparts, the French and allied besiegers made several bloody and fruitless assaults and then withdrew.
By the 16th century, armour was largely ceremonial and decorative, with increasingly elaborate ornamentation.
By the 16th century, Chinese artisans were making sophisticated lever-actuated rapid-fire crossbows that carried up to 10 bolts in a self-contained magazine.
In 1593 cannons were used most effectively in the Siege of Pyongyang.
In the 18th century European armies standardized on fine-grained musket powder for cannon as well as small arms.
The French were the first to adopt the “bayonet” for military use in 1671—and the weapon became standard issue for infantry throughout Europe by the turn of the 17th century.
1750 to 1800s: Rockets become a permanent fixture on the battlefield.
1750 to 1800s: Indian Sultan Fateh Ali Tippu successfully deploys rocket artillery against the British, leading inventor Sir William Congreve to develop his own version, the Congreve rocket.
1775: The first submarine used in battle, Turtle, is created by American David Bushnell. The technology remains crude and unsafe for many decades, though several subs are used in the American Civil War (1861 to 1865).
1803: The British army begins using shrapnel shells, named for their inventor Henry Shrapnel.
By 1836, a German gunsmith Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse invented the Dreyse needle rifle, the first bolt-action rifle, which the Prussian Army adopted for service in 1848.
1836: American inventor Samuel Colt patents a “revolving gun”, which improves on several previous designs. Soon renamed the revolver, it is faster to reload than any other firearm, and remains popular today.
Rapid development in military technology had a dramatic impact on armies and navies in the industrialized world from 1840-1914.
Steamship: “The employment of steam as a motive power in the warlike navies of all maritime nations is a vast and sudden change in the means of engaging in action on the seas, which must produce an entire revolution in naval warfare,” wrote British Gen. Sir Howard Douglas in an 1858 military treatise.
1851 to 1861: The first machine guns appear. The Belgian army’s multiple-barrelled mitrailleuse is soon followed by the Gatling gun – the first gun that can be continuously fired.
New high explosives (based on nitroglycerin) arrived after 1860.
In 1862, the reduction by rifled Union artillery of Fort Pulaski, a supposedly impregnable Confederate fortification defending Savannah, Ga., marked the beginning of a new chapter in the design of permanent fortifications.
The American Civil War saw the first extensive use of heavy rifled cannon made of high-quality cast iron. They did to the early modern fortress what cast-bronze cannon had done to the medieval curtain wall.
The first iron-clad warship, the USS Monitor, was built in 1862. It was built during the American Civil War and used by the Union Navy
The Civil War (1861-1865) was the first conflict where the locomotive demonstrated its pivotal role in rapidly deploying troops and material. Civil War historians David and Jeanne Heidler write that, “Had the war broken out ten years before it did, the South’s chances of winning would have been markedly better because the inequality between its region’s railroads and those of the North would not have been as great.”
The Telegraph: The Civil War was the first conflict in which the telegraph played a major role. The most revolutionary aspect of the device was how it transformed the relationship between the executive branch and the military. Prior to the telegraph, important battlefield decisions were left to the discretion of field generals… The innovation of the telegraph gave the president the ability to fully exercise his prerogative as Commander In Chief.
1884: Hiram Stevens Maxim produces the first fully automatic machine gun: the Maxim gun.
Barbed Wire: Invented in the late 19th century as a means to contain cattle in the American West, barbed wire soon found military applications—notably during the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) in what is now South Africa.
The French navy, an extensive user of torpedo boats, built its first torpedo boat destroyer in 1899, with the Durandal-class ‘torpilleur d’escadre’.
Many 19th century innovations were largely invented and promoted by lone individuals with small teams of assistants, such as David Bushnell and the submarine, John Ericsson and the battleship, Hiram Maxim and the machine gun, Ernest Swinton and the tank, and Alfred Nobel and high explosives.
1909: Hiram Stevens Maxim’s son, Hiram Percy Maxim, obtains a patent for a gun silencer.
1914: During the first world war, the British army introduces the first tanks.
Aerial photographic reconnaissance came of age in World War I, thanks to higher-flying planes and better cameras. Baron Manfred von Richthofen—“the Red Baron”—said that one photo-reconnaissance plane was often more valuable than an entire fighter squadron.
The era of the “dogfight” began during WW1—and with it the transformation of the airplane into a weapon of warfare.
Chlorine: Historians generally agree that the first instance of modern chemical warfare occurred on April 22, 1915—when German soldiers opened 5,730 canisters of poisonous chlorine gas on the battlefield at Ypres, Belgium.
In 1915, the first propeller plane that could safely fire a machine gun through the propeller blades was invented.
The military science on which the model of German combat operations was built for the First World War remained largely unaltered from the Napoleonic model, but took into the consideration the vast improvements in the firepower and the ability to conduct “great battles of annihilation” through rapid concentration of force, strategic mobility, and the maintenance of the strategic offensive.
World War I is often called “the chemists’ war”, both for the extensive use of poison gas and the importance of nitrates and advanced high explosives.
World War I marked the first large-scale mobilization of science for military purposes.
The Germans introduced gas as a weapon in part because naval blockades limited their supply of nitrate for explosives, while the massive German dye industry could easily produce chlorine and organic chemicals in large amounts.
DDT: In the late 1930s, with war on the horizon, the U.S. military undertook preparations to defend soldiers against one of the most lethal enemies on the battlefield: insect-borne diseases. DDT proved to be so effective that some historians believe World War II was the first conflict where more soldiers died in combat than from disease.
In 1936, the Nazis discovered tabun, the first nerve agent, through industrial insecticide research.
The modern era of military technology emerged in the 1940s: nuclear weapons, radar, jet engines, proximity fuses, advanced submarines, aircraft carriers.
1942: The Manhattan Project, the United States’ attempt to build the first nuclear bomb, begins under the direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer.
If World War I was the chemists’ war, World War II was the physicists’ war.
World War II marked a massive increase in the military funding of science, particularly physics.
Until the Second World War, military science was written in English starting with capital letters, and was thought of as an academic discipline alongside Physics, Philosophy and the Medical Science.
1945: The first successful test of a nuclear bomb is carried out in New Mexico, on 16 July. On 6 and 9 August, bombs are dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, effectively ending the second world war and ushering in a new age of nuclear weaponry.
1952: The first fusion, or hydrogen, bomb is tested by the US in the Marshall Islands. They use X-rays from a nuclear fission explosion to trigger nuclear fusion reactions between atoms of the hydrogen isotope tritium, like those that take place inside the sun. A single warhead can be thousands of times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb.
Founded in 1958, DARPA: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technologies for use by the military.
1960: The laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is demonstrated for the first time.
1960: The Soviet Union begins developing a supercavitating torpedo in the 1960s. By exploiting the way water forms bubbles around fast-moving objects the Shkval can travel at 500 kilometres an hour. It is only completed in the early 1990s.
1974: The first Taser is built after five years of work by NASA researcher Jack Cover.
Public interest in cyber terrorism began in the late 1980s, when the term was coined by Barry C. Collin.
The Tomahawk missile is a type of long-range cruise missile designed to fly at extremely low altitudes at subsonic speeds, enabling the weapons to be used to attack various surface targets. These jet engine-powered missiles were first used operationally during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. The missiles travel at speeds of approximately 550 miles per hour (880 km/h), and use GPS receivers to pinpoint their targets more accurately.
Network-centric warfare, also called network-centric operations, or net-centric warfare, is a military doctrine or theory of war pioneered by the United States Department of Defense in the 1990s. It seeks to translate an information advantage, enabled in part by information technology, into a competitive advantage through the robust computer networking of well informed geographically dispersed forces.
Network centric warfare can trace its immediate origins to 1996 when Admiral William Owens introduced the concept of a ‘system of systems’ in a paper published by the Institute for National Security Studies.
The complex histories of computer science and computer engineering were shaped, in the first decades of digital computing, almost entirely by military funding.
In 1996, the Joint Chiefs of Staff released Joint Vision 2010, which introduced the military concept of full-spectrum dominance. Full Spectrum Dominance described the ability of the US military to dominate the battlespace from peace operations through to the outright application of military power that stemmed from the advantages of information superiority.
1997: The US carries out its first test of an anti-satellite laser.
The 21st century saw amazing advancements in weapondry: ballistic and guided missiles, radar, spy satellites, biological warfare, and cyber warfare.
2002: For the first time, a high-energy laser is used to shoot down artillery fire.
2002: The Pulsed Energy Projectile (PEP), a laser that can knock you off your feet, is developed.
The concept of networked swarming warfare was first proposed by Huo Dajun in 2003. Networked swarming warfare (NSW) is the wide-scope maneuver warfare to attack dynamically the enemy in parallel by flexible utilization of “assembly” and “dispersion”, which integrates the multiple forces distributed widely into the operational network with obvious flowing feature in a multi-dimensional space.
2007: Australian weapons company Metal Storm files a key patent for its gun, which fires a million rounds a minute.
2007: The US starts working on carrying humans in a supercavitation craft.
In the wake of the 2007 cyberwar waged against Estonia, NATO established the Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD CoE) in Tallinn, Estonia, in order to enhance the organization’s cyber defence capability. The center was formally established on 14 May 2008, and it received full accreditation by NATO and attained the status of International Military Organization on 28 October 2008.
2008: In another milestone for high-energy lasers, the Airborne Laser is fired from an aircraft for the first time.
2008: Stellar Photonics begins testing of their experimental Plasma Acoustic Shield System, which generates a series of mid-air explosions by blasting balls of plasma with high-powered lasers.
2009: A US government report advocates using neuroscience to enhance soldiers’ abilities.
Cyberspace: In 2011, the US Defense Department declared cyberspace a new domain of warfare; since then DARPA has begun a research project known as “Project X” with the goal of creating new technologies that will enable the government to better understand and map the cyber territory.
In 2011, the United States spent more (in absolute numbers) on its military than the next 13 nations combined.
In 2016, for the first time ever, the Department of Justice charged Ardit Ferizi with cyber terrorism.
Apparently, Israel has the most technologically advanced military on Earth.